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Monday, 29 July 2013

Two versions of the Lord's Prayer

Today, we read of the Lukan version of the Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2b-4). It is shorter than the Matthean version (Matthew 6:9b-13). Not only is the Lord's Prayer different, another allusion to the father's response to a son's request is also different. Luke employs fish/serpent and egg/scorpion pairs (Luke 11:11-12) while Matthew uses bread/stone and fish/serpent pairs (Matthew 7:9-10). How should we understand these differences?

To begin with, Luke sets up a different context to teach about prayers. The gospel of Luke is very prayerful. We find a lot of prayers (Benedictus, Ave Maria, Magnificat, Gloria and Nunc Dimittis etc in Luke 1-2) and Jesus is a man of prayer in Luke. In Luke 11, Jesus prays. When he finishes, one of the disciples asks Jesus to teach them to pray as John the Baptist has taught his disciples to pray. Fr. Milanese explains a very good point here. The disciples were Jews and Jews had a lot of Psalms to pray. They did not need any more new prayers. Therefore, they were motivated not by piety to God. Rather, they wanted an identity. They wanted to build up a sense of belonging to their community distinct from the others. I agree to this sense of identity but I have reservation about their knowledge of Psalms. My impression of the disciples of Jesus is that they were uneducated. I wonder if they knew much about Psalms even though they might have learnt them on Sabbath gatherings in the synagogues. Like ordinary Catholics, most of them recite the Rosary instead of praying the Liturgy of the Hours. Ordinary disciples need simple prayers instead of elitist Psalms. This is only my prejudice.
Therefore, Jesus taught them a simple version of the Lord's Prayer.
Jesus taught the Lukan community a simple and direct "Father", instead of "Our Father in Heaven". The "Your will be done on earth as in heaven" is also missing. Perhaps we should understand this as a theological expansion of the "Your Kingdom come". This tentative exploration points to the different backgrounds of the Lukan and Matthean communities.

The Lukan community was Gentile and lived in competition with the Baptist movement. Therefore, the motivation to learn a simple prayer was to distinguish themselves from the Baptist group. To meet their needs, the Lukan Lord's Prayer is more direct and simpler. The Matthean community seemed not to find the Baptist movement a rival because John the Baptist did not claim to be the Messiah. Therefore, the Matthean Lord's Prayer is more elaborate and liturgical to suit the Jewish Christian community. Historically, Jesus must have taught them the Lord's Prayer in some form. This prayer circulated in different communities and resulted in different adaptations. Let me assure you, the key phrases are identical.

Let me turn to the pairings of bread/stone, fish/snake and egg/scorpion. Bread and stone may look alike. Moreover, in the first temptation, the Devil asked Jesus to turn stones into bread. Fish and snake are rather different though both have scales. Egg and scorpion certainly find nothing in common. In Greek which the NT was written, the fish ἰχθὺν/snake ὄφιν and egg ᾠόν/ scorpion σκορπίον surely do not sound alike. Therefore, we have to look elsewhere, Hebrew and better Aramaic which Jesus speaks.
In Hebrew, bread לֶחֶם and stone אֶבֶן sound alike. Fish דָּגָה and snake נָחָשׁ alike and lastly, egg בֵּיצָה and scorpion עַקְרָב sound alike. Therefore, I would be satisfied to the choice of pairings because they sound alike in Hebrew/Aramaic.

Now, my mind is at relative peace. I can pray confidently and comfortably to my Father in heaven, to ask Him to give me the Holy Spirit to inflame my lukewarm heart. Amen.

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