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Sunday 25 May 2014

Did Peter deny the resurrection of the flesh?

God inspires human authors to write up the Bible texts. Therefore, the texts are cultural refractions of God's messages. These cultural refractions cannot be self-explanatory. They need to be interpreted and thus the Bible cannot be read literally. On the other hand, our interpretations are also culturally constrained. It is not easy to jump out of our cultural box to achieve a bias-free reading of the Bible. In the second reading of the First Letter of St. Peter, we encountered such a verse. St. Peter was exhorting the readers to suffer patiently persecutions for righteousness' sake
For it is better to suffer for doing right, if that should be God's will, than for doing wrong.
For Christ also died for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit;
 (1Peter 3:17-18)

Christians should suffer patiently because it might be God's will. Furthermore, Christ has set up an example to suffer for righteousness' sake so as to bring us to God. Our sufferings can bring people to God. So, suffering has attained a new purpose. Suffering is redemptive.
However, a problem arises when we read the last part of the sentence: Christ ... was put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit!
For readers of Greek dualistic background, this sentence suggests that the resurrection of Jesus is only spiritual. His flesh is not resuscitated! That goes against basic Christian belief. St. Peter would not have meant this but how should this text square with the basic Christian article of faith? I am not sure whether I can satisfactorily handle it but I have to try.

Peter was a Jew and we need to take into consideration the Hebrew conception of man.
The first chapter of Genesis tells us that man was created in the image of God. It does not deal with flesh and spirit separately. In the second chapter of Genesis, we read of the famous story of the creation of Adam in which God made the flesh of Adam out of adamah (dust) and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life so that man became a living soul nephesh (Genesis 2:7).
When a man dies, his whole being sees corruption and his soul nephesh is left in Sheol (Psalm 16:10).
That is to say, Jews never separate flesh and soul/spirit. The soul/spirit is the animating principle of the flesh which is made of dust. The dust and the spirit together form one whole.
What people can see is the flesh/dust. An animated flesh people see is a living soul (Genesis 2:7). When a man dies or put to death, we see the flesh corrupt and (re)turn to dust. A Jew would say that the living soul is left in Sheol, so to speak. Therefore, when Peter says that Christ is made alive in the spirit, probably he had Genesis 2:7 in mind. It is very likely that he meant the soul/spirit re-enter (through the nostrils perhaps) the flesh which has not yet turned to dust. The living soul (the whole being) of Christ returns from Sheol, in both flesh and spirit. St. Peter was not brought up in Greek culture. He did not possess the slightest trace of Greek dualism in his thought. When he wrote the verse, he did not mean the resurrection of Jesus' spirit only. He meant the living soul/spirit of Jesus and the expression "living soul/spirit" means the whole being of Jesus. I hope I have said correctly enough.

Today, my mum wanted to follow me to attend the monthly permanent deacon sharing. At first, I did not want to bring her along. In a second thought, I should not deny her an opportunity to know more while she is still able to walk around. The day will come when she cannot walk freely unaided, she will not be able to see the mission God has designed for me. At last, I took her along. The deacons, their wives and the Vicar General were all very courteous though her appearance came as a surprise. My mother is very sociable and have no problem in mixing along with total strangers. This is her charisma. In the end, we left after the snack break, contented but a bit exhausted.

Dear Lord, I thank you for giving my mother and me an adventurous opportunity. Have mercy on her and I pray that one day, she may receive baptism. Amen.

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