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Tuesday, 2 June 2009

Miscellaneous problems

The story of Tobit came down to us only in Greek translations. The Hebrew original was lost, probably in wars, in exiles etc. However, there are variations in these Greek translations. Before the invention of printing, scriptures were copied by hand and further copied. Therefore manuscripts form families. Manuscripts can be traced back to a handful of "original" manuscripts. For example, in Septuagint, we have two copies of Tobit, handed down from BA (Codices Vaticanus & Alexandrinus) and S (Codex Sinaiticus). The phenomenon is not limited to Tobit. The books of Joshua and Judges also came down with different Greek translations. This time, it is between Codex Vaticanus and Codex Alexandrinus.
KJV is the most authoritative English translation. It attempts to stick to the original text, whether it be Hebrew or Greek, as much as possible. In the case of Tobit, it follows the BA text family . When we come to Tobit 2:14, we have two different English translations of the same verse. First of all, let's read the context. Tobit was blinded. Anna had to work to earn the living.
Then my wife Anna earned money at women's work.
She used to send the product to the owners. Once when they paid her wages, they also gave her a kid
(Tobit 2:11-12)
Tobit heard the bleating. He quickly jumped to the conclusion that the lamb was stolen from the owners and told Anna to return the lamb. Here come the two different translations.
ἡ δὲ εἶπεν δῶρον δέδοταί μοι ἐπὶ τῷ μισθῷ καὶ οὐκ ἐπίστευον αὐτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον ἀποδιδόναι αὐτὸ τοῖς κυρίοις καὶ ἠρυθρίων πρὸς αὐτήν ἡ δὲ ἀποκριθεῖσα εἶπέν μοι ποῦ εἰσιν αἱ ἐλεημοσύναι σου καὶ αἱ δικαιοσύναι σου ἰδοὺ γνωστὰ πάντα μετὰ σοῦ (Tobis 2:14 BA)
But she replied upon me, It was given for a gift more than the wages. Howbeit I did not believe her, but bade her render it to the owners: and I was abashed at her. But she replied upon me, Where are thine alms and thy righteous deeds? behold, thou and all thy works are known (KJV).
And she said, "It was given to me as a gift in addition to my wages." But I did not believe her, and told her to return it to the owners; and I blushed for her. Then she replied to me, "Where are your charities and your righteous deeds? You seem to know everything (RSV).
See the difference? RSV makes more sense to me. Anna was protesting her innocence. As for KJV, I don't see how all the charities and righteous deeds being known is related to this kid's incident.
The Chinese Bible follows Codex Sinaiticus. It has an even more interesting translation! Of course, the Greek itself is different.
καὶ λέγει μοι αὐτή δόσει δέδοταί μοι ἐπὶ τῷ μισθῷ καὶ οὐκ ἐπίστευον αὐτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον ἀποδοῦναι τοῖς κυρίοις καὶ προσηρυθρίων χάριν τούτου πρὸς αὐτήν εἶτα ἀποκριθεῖσα λέγει μοι καὶ ποῦ εἰσιν αἱ ἐλεημοσύναι σου ποῦ εἰσιν αἱ δικαιοσύναι σου ἰδὲ ταῦτα μετὰ σοῦ γνωστά ἐστιν (Tobis 2:14 S)
她對我說;「這是在工資以外送給我的。」但是,我仍不相信,命她歸還原主;我且為了這事替她害羞。但是,她回答我說:「你的施捨在那裡?你的善行在那裡?看,人都知道你得到了什麼報應!」【思高】
Indeed, translation also involves interpretation. The Chinese translation draws a more vivid picture of a diligent wife disgruntled for being misunderstood by her husband. This translation is also aesthetic.
Different codices sometimes supply extra information which might be theological vital. Here, I will only show a theologically less controversial example.
καὶ οὐκ ᾔδειν ὅτι στρουθία ἐν τῷ τοίχῳ ἐστίν καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν μου ἀνεῳγότων ἀφώδευσαν τὰ στρουθία θερμὸν εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου καὶ ἐγενήθη λευκώματα εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου καὶ ἐπορεύθην πρὸς ἰατρούς καὶ οὐκ ὠφέλησάν με Αχιαχαρος δὲ ἔτρεφέν με ἕως οὗ ἐπορεύθη εἰς τὴν Ἐλυμαΐδα (Tobis 2:10 BA)
I did not know that there were sparrows on the wall and their fresh droppings fell into my open eyes and white films formed on my eyes. I went to physicians, but they did not help me. Ahikar, however, took care of me until he went to Elymais (Tobit 2:10 RSV).
καὶ οὐκ ᾔδειν ὅτι στρουθία ἐν τῷ τοίχῳ ἐπάνω μού εἰσιν καὶ ἐκάθισεν τὸ ἀφόδευμα αὐτῶν εἰς τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου θερμὸν καὶ ἐπήγαγεν λευκώματα καὶ ἐπορευόμην πρὸς τοὺς ἰατροὺς θεραπευθῆναι καὶ ὅσῳ ἐνεχρίοσάν με τὰ φάρμακα τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἐξετυφλοῦντο οἱ ὀφθαλμοί μου τοῖς λευκώμασιν μέχρι τοῦ ἀποτυφλωθῆναι καὶ ἤμην ἀδύνατος τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ἔτη τέσσαρα καὶ πάντες οἱ ἀδελφοί μου ἐλυποῦντο περὶ ἐμοῦ καὶ Αχιαχαρος ἔτρεφέν με ἔτη δύο πρὸ τοῦ αὐτὸν βαδίσαι εἰς τὴν Ἐλυμαΐδα (Tobis 2:10 S)
也沒有看見小鳥在我上面的牆上,牠們的熱糞落到我的眼裡,即起了一層白膜;我去求醫診治,但是愈給我敷藥,我的眼睛愈被白膜所遮蔽,以致完全失明。四年之久,我甚麼也看不見。我的眾兄弟都為我悲傷,阿希加養了我兩年,直到他去厄藍為止。【思高】
The extra piece of information might not be theologically significant in this case. But some will be.
Let me turn to another problem. Today, we organized a pilgrimage to Ss. Peter and Paul Church in Yuen Long for all the S1 students. In a Golden Jubilee Celebration Mass, the school declared to honour Ss. Peter and Paul as her patron saints. Shung Tak has her roots planted in that church. In her early years, her classrooms were literally under the Church building! Therefore, it is a very meaningful visit. There were parishioners explaining the building and fixtures. When it came to explaining the statues of Ss. Peter and Paul, I was a little bit surprised. No problem with St. Peter who holds the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven (Matthew 16:19). When it came to St. Paul, the gentleman explained meaning of the sword St. Paul holds in a way I have not thought about. I used to understand the sword to symbolize how Paul was beheaded. However, the gentleman explained that Paul once described the word of God as a two-edged sword. Therefore, the sword of the statue symbolizes this.
For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and spirit, of joints and marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart (Hebrews 4:12).
This is very meaningful. Peter is holding the key to heaven while Paul the word of God. But I beg to disagree.
Look up the New Testament, you will also find the two-edged sword in Revelation in the description of the glorious Son of Man.
in his right hand he held seven stars, from his mouth issued a sharp two-edged sword, and his face was like the sun shining in full strength (Revelation 1:16).
Apply the same logic, we should also find the statues of John holding a sword, but they are not because John was not beheaded.
In the Old Testament, there are also two-edged swords.
For the lips of a loose woman drip honey, and her speech is smoother than oil;
but in the end she is bitter as wormwood, sharp as a two-edged sword
(Proverbs 5:3-4).
It applies to the tongues of women.
Let the faithful exult in glory; let them sing for joy on their couches.
Let the high praises of God be in their throats and two-edged swords in their hands
(Psalm 149:5-6)
Here, the sword is physical and no David statue holds any sword!
Of course, this is not conclusive. The intention of the statue smith has the final say. A two-edged sword remains a powerful symbol of the Word of God.

Dear Lord, Your word is a two-edged sword. Pierce the knots in my soul, my heart and my joins. Amen.

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