Why do we need to put in efforts in order to stay afloat? It is because we tend to sink. We need to battle against the sinking tendency to keep our heads above waters. Similarly, there are more evils than good on earth. Therefore, we need to put in efforts in order to lead a holy life, a perfect life. In the New Testament, we find lists of evils against which the apostles warned the followers of Christ. For example, in the gospel of Mark, we find the following list of 13 evils and surely this list does not pretend to be exhaustive.
For from within, out of the heart of man, come evil thoughts, fornication, theft, murder, adultery,
coveting, wickedness, deceit, licentiousness, envy, slander, pride, foolishness (Mark 7:21-22).
Bearing in mind that the gospels were written for a particular community in response to their particular situation, we may deduce that the list mentioned in Mark is not any list of evils in general, though its size has covered much.
Paul has also written similar lists in his epistles.
In his Epistle to the Galatians, Paul pitched the Spirit against the flesh. We find the following list of 15 evils.
Now the works of the flesh are plain: fornication, impurity, licentiousness,
idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife, jealousy, anger, selfishness, dissension, party spirit,
envy, drunkenness, carousing, and the like (Galatians 5:19-21).
In the Second Epistle to Timothy which we are reading, we find the following list of 19 evils!
For men will be lovers of self, lovers of money, proud, arrogant, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,
inhuman, implacable, slanderers, profligates, fierce, haters of good,
treacherous, reckless, swollen with conceit, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God,
holding the form of religion but denying the power of it (2 Timothy 3:2-5).
I am sure these were the evils Timothy was facing in the Church of Ephesus. There were so many of them. What good did Timothy have in his disposal to handle such evils? What strength do Christians have in his disposal to handle evils?
In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul mentions the Fruit of the Holy Spirit.
But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, [longanimity, mildness,] faithfulness, gentleness, self-control [,chastity] ; against such there is no law (Galatians 5:22-23).
There are nine (or twelve) such fruit and they are the work of the Holy Spirit bearing fruit in us. By cooperating with the Holy Spirit, we may hope to bear such good fruit to fight against all those evils around us.
In the Second Epistle to Timothy, Paul sets himself as the model for Timothy. He shows Timothy how to cooperate with the Holy Spirit to bear fruit.
Now you have observed my teaching, my conduct, my aim in life, my faith, my patience, my love, my steadfastness,
my persecutions, my sufferings, what befell me at Antioch, at Iconium, and at Lystra, what persecutions I endured; yet from them all the Lord rescued me (2 Timothy 3:10-11).
Once again, Paul mentions 9 aspects of his efforts. He does not give Timothy abstract virtues, but concrete experiences in life. "Learn from me," exhorts Paul.
Confucius advised his disciple the importance of learning. Here we find six virtues which turn into six deficiencies if we do not study diligently.
子曰:由也,女聞六言六蔽矣乎?對曰:未也。居,吾語女。
好仁不好學,其蔽也愚。好知不好學,其蔽也蕩。好信不好學,其蔽也賊。好直不好學,其蔽也絞。好勇不好學,其蔽也亂。好剛不好學,其蔽也狂。【論語‧陽貨】
Confucius ait: Yeou, tu audivistine sex notiones cum sex suis obstructioibus? Assurgens ait: nondum. Sede, ego docebo te. Amare humanitatem sine amore discendi, hujus vitium, inscitia: amare scientiam sine amore addiscendi, hujus vitium evagatio: amare fidelitatem sine amore addiscendi, hujus vitium offensio; amare ingenuitatem sine amore addiscendi, hujus vitium imprudentia; amare strenuitatem sine amore discendi, hujus vitium perturbatio; amare fortitudinem, sine amore discendi, hujus vitium temeritas.(DISSERTAE SENTENTIAE, Auctore P. Angelo Zottoli, S.J., 1879)
Laying before us are virtues of the Holy Spirit. We are able to cultivate them only when we learn from the saints.
Dear Lord, You are our model. Let us humbly learn from You to bear good fruit and ward away evils. Amen.
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